Introduction to the Hindu Calendar

The Western calendar is based on the sun, in which a year is the time required for the earth to complete one orbit around the sun. This precisely measures 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes and 46 seconds.

The Indian calender is ingeniously based on both the sun and the moon; it uses a solar year but divides it into 12 lunar months. A lunar month is precisely 29 days 12 hours 44 minutes and 3 seconds long. Twelve such months constitute a lunar year of 354 days 8 hours 48 minutes and 36 seconds. To help the lunar months coincide with the solar year, the practice of inserting an intercalary (extra) month arose. So 60 solar months = 62 lunar months. Hence an extra month, called the Adhik Mas, is inserted every 30 months i.e. every 2 ½ years.

Lunar days in the Indian calendar are called tithis. They are calculated using the difference of the longitudinal angle between the position of the sun and moon. Because of this, tithis may vary in length. Consequently, the tithi may or may not have changed by the time the day has changed at sunrise. And that is why we find at certain times a tithi being omitted, and at certain times, two consecutive days sharing the same tithi.

In the Indian calendar, seasons follow the sun; months follow the moon; and days, both the sun and the moon. The era in the Indian calendar is called the Vikram Era, or the Vikram Samvat, which began in 57 BCE. To calculate the corresponding year of the Common Era, 57 years should be subtracted from the Indian year if the date falls between the beginning of the Indian year and the end of the Western year i.e. between Kartak sud 1 and 31 December. If the date falls between the beginning of the Western year and the end of the Indian year i.e. between 1 January and Aso vad 30, then only 56 years should be subtracted.

Day Names

Lunar Days

Months

Raviãra: Sunday (day of Sun)

Somavãra: Monday (day of Moon)

Mañgalvã: Tuesday (day of Mars)

Budhavãra: Wednesday (day of Mercury)

Guruvãra: Thursday (day of Jupiter)

Sukravãra: Friday (day of Venus)

Sanivãra: Saturday (day of Saturn)

Prathamã First

Dvitïyã Second

Trtïyã Third

Chaturthï Fourth

Pañchamï Fifth

Sasthï Sixth

Saptamï Seventh

Astamï Eighth

Navamï Ninth

Dasamï Tenth

Ekãdasï Eleventh

Dvadasï Twelfth

Trayodasï Thirteenth

Chaturdasï Fourteenth

Panchadasï Fifteenth

Purnimã (Suklapaksha) Full Moon

Amãvãsyã (Krsnapaksa) New Moon

Chaitra (30 / 31* Days) Begins March 22 / 21*

Vaisakha (31 Days) Begins April 21

Jyaistha (31 Days) Begins May 22

Asadha (31 Days) Begins June 22

Shravana (31 Days) Begins July 23

Bhadra (31 Days) Begins August 23

Asvina (30 Days) Begins September 23

Kartika (30 Days) Begins October 23

Agrahayana (30 Days) Begins November 22

Pausa (30 Days) Begins December 22

Magha (30 Days) Begins January 21

Phalguna (30 Days) Begins February 2